Inductor

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Calculating the Energy Stored in an Inductor’s Magnetic Field

An inductor stores electrical energy as a magnetic field created by current flowing through a coil of wire. Enter its inductance and the current flowing through it, and this calculator finds the energy stored.

An inductor is, in a sense, the mirror image of the Capacitor Calculator: a capacitor stores energy in an electric field and its energy depends on voltage squared, while an inductor stores energy in a magnetic field and its energy depends on current squared.

The Formula

E=0.5×L×I2E = 0.5 \times L \times I^2

Inductance is entered in millihenries (mH), the practical unit most real-world inductors are actually labeled in, since a full henry is a very large amount of inductance for a typical component.

Worked Example

A 100 mH inductor carrying 2 A of current:

  1. Inductance in henries: 100÷1,000=0.1100 \div 1,000 = 0.1 H.
  2. Energy: 0.5×0.1×22=0.20.5 \times 0.1 \times 2^2 = 0.2 J, or 200 mJ.

Doubling the current to 4A instead would quadruple the stored energy to 800 mJ — the same squared relationship a capacitor has with voltage.

Key Factors to Consider

  • An inductor resists a sudden change in current, which is the source of a real practical hazard. When current through an inductor is abruptly interrupted, the collapsing magnetic field can generate a brief but very high voltage spike — this is why inductive loads (like motors and relays) commonly need a flyback diode or similar protection in a circuit.
  • Real inductors have some internal resistance, which this ideal formula ignores. A real coil of wire has resistance that dissipates some energy as heat during operation — this calculator’s formula describes the ideal, lossless inductor’s stored energy, not the total energy consumed by a real-world inductive circuit over time.
  • Inductance depends on a coil’s physical construction, not something you set directly like a resistor’s resistance. The number of turns, core material, and coil geometry all determine an inductor’s actual inductance value — this calculator takes inductance as a known, given quantity rather than calculating it from a coil’s physical design.
  • Inductors and capacitors together form the basis of resonant circuits used throughout electronics. An LC circuit (inductor plus capacitor) has a natural resonant frequency determined by both components’ values — the same energy-storage relationship each component has individually (voltage-squared for capacitors, current-squared for inductors) underlies how energy oscillates between them in such a circuit.

Common Mistakes

  • Entering inductance in henries instead of millihenries. Most real-world inductors are labeled in mH or µH — plugging in a henries value where mH is expected overstates the stored energy by a factor of a million.
  • Confusing an inductor’s stored energy with the total energy dissipated by a real circuit. This formula describes the ideal, lossless case — a real coil’s own resistance dissipates additional energy as heat that this calculation doesn’t capture.
  • Ignoring the voltage spike risk when current through an inductor is interrupted. Suddenly cutting current to an inductive load can generate a brief but very high voltage spike, which is why motors and relays typically need flyback diode protection.
  • Treating inductance as something you can freely choose, like a resistor’s resistance. Inductance comes from a coil’s physical construction — its turns, core material, and geometry — not from a single adjustable value.

Useful to Know

  • Want the mirror-image calculation for the other basic energy-storage component? The Capacitor Calculator calculator finds stored energy from voltage instead of current.
  • Need to relate voltage, current, and resistance in the rest of a circuit? The Ohm's Law Calculator calculator solves for whichever one you’re missing.
  • Curious about the power a circuit draws once current is flowing? The Electrical Power Calculator calculator computes that directly.

Source: Inductor, an electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does an inductor actually store?

An inductor stores electrical energy as a magnetic field created by current flowing through a coil of wire — the more inductance it has and the higher the current through it, the more energy it holds.

How is this different from a capacitor?

Capacitor Calculator stores energy in an electric field and its energy depends on voltage squared. An inductor stores energy in a magnetic field instead, and its energy depends on current squared — the two components are, in a sense, mirror images of each other.

Why is inductance entered in millihenries (mH)?

Most real-world inductors are labeled in millihenries or microhenries rather than henries, since a full henry is a very large amount of inductance for a typical component. Millihenries is the most common practical unit for the general-purpose inductors this calculator is aimed at.

How do inductors in series and parallel combine?

Inductance in series adds directly (L_total = L1 + L2 + ...), and in parallel combines via the reciprocal-sum formula (1/L_total = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + ...) -- the same rules as resistors, and the opposite of how capacitors combine. This calculator computes a single inductor's own stored energy, not a network of multiple inductors.

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